Trivia

Trivia

A very expensive comma!

An Oxford comma is the comma before the final ‘and’ or ‘or’ in a list of items. An example would be the comma before the ‘and’ in the following list: apples, oranges, pears, and bananas.

There are some people who have strong opinions about whether to use it but most people don’t really care and would probably agree with the first line of the song “Oxford comma” from the band, Vampire Weekend. They interpret the sentence as meaning the same thing whether it has an Oxford comma or not.

The argument in favour of using the Oxford comma is that it removes ambiguity. On the Wikipedia page for serial comma, they give the following examples.

If a book is dedicated “To my parents, Mother Teresa and the Pope” some people could conclude that the author’s parents are Mother Teresa and the Pope. If there is a comma before the final “and” this ambiguity is removed.

However, the Wikipedia page also gives an example of a dedication “To my mother, Mother Teresa, and the Pope” where ambiguity is introduced by the addition of the oxford comma. Someone reading this dedication could conclude the author’s mother was Mother Teresa.

At this stage, you may be looking at the title of this post and wondering why the word “expensive” is there. The reason for this is that the lack of an Oxford comma could cost haulage companies in the state of Maine $10 million.

In 2014 three truck drivers took a class action saying there were entitled to overtime payments. The companies they worked for said they were not entitled to this and had not made overtime payments because the law stated overtime rules do not apply to:

“The canning, processing, preserving, freezing, drying, marketing, storing, packing for shipment or distribution of:

(1) Agricultural produce;

(2) Meat and fish products; and

(3) Perishable foods.”

The truck drivers’ argument was that they were not involved in “packing for shipment”, or “packing for distribution”. They were just involved in distribution. The court agreed with this reasoning in this judgement. There is approximately $10 million in overtime payments which now must be made to the truck drivers of Maine.

I guess some companies shall treat the Oxford comma much more seriously now.

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„Małpa w czerwonym” or “Tuck Your shirt in, Boris.”

 Insult – according to the Oxford Dictionary a “disrespectful or scornfully abusive remark or act”. The art of the insult has accompanied all human societies for ages and longer, and it doesn’t take long to find lists of archaic insults on the web, some of them reaching as far back as mediaeval times. This type of human behaviour is so ubiquitous that it is much less likely to surprise than to offend its addressee or the bystanders. But everyday communication between ordinary people (in a queue or traffic jams) is one thing, and official situations is another.

If you happen to watch debates in the UK Parliament, you’ve probably heard MPs trading barbs dozens of times and, let’s admit it, many of them are highly elaborate and amusing, some of them cited here: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/02/25/the-petty-mean-and-deliciously-rude-ways-british-politicians-insult-one-another/

Yet, not always is that so. In her recent article published on October 27 in The Irish Times, Kathy Sheridan takes a closer look at those mean, ugly slanders blurted out in the public eye and says:

We all have the right to offend but not a license to be coarse and vulgar

[Source: http://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/kathy-sheridan-the-appalling-decline-in-the-quality-of-public-insults-1.2842695]

Kathy Sheridan                                   

  Are you familiar with the word “f**knuts” ? Let the Urban Dictionary enlighten you: “A person so annoying and dumb that they can no longer be classed as an idiot and therefore a new level of idiot was created for them.” In short, it’s an insult, incorporating the f**k word for emphasis.

On Saturday, my interview with the penitent, 70-year-old, Booker Prize-winning author John Banville garnered much attention on social media, a lot of it driven by the headline “I have not been a good father. No writer is”. Many readers took issue with Banville’s words, either for blaming his poor parenting on his tormented art and/or for pulling all writers into his net.

But one tweet distinguished itself: “Speak for yourself, f**knuts. Family is family. The job is the job.”

Ah. Another of those brave, enlightened declarations for which Twitter is justly famous. Yet, in this case, the “f**knuts” tweet was one of the few to descend to abuse. And unlike the others, it was retweeted hundreds of times.

Was it because the tweeter was David Simon, creator of The Wire, the HBO television masterpiece? Or because a word like “f**knuts” is guaranteed to grab attention?

A browse through Simon’s prolific exchanges with his 70,000 followers suggests a fiercely principled man, highly articulate, deeply angry about inequality and lots of things. In fact, his Twitter profile reads “Angriest Man in Television is faint praise indeed.”

So he’s angry. Is that reason enough for a 56-year-old man to blurt out a juvenile term like “f**knuts”. Many of us use expletives in frustration or anger or despair. Well, I do, and it hardly ever sounds clever or grown-up; just inarticulate and incontinent and richly satisfying in the moment.

But if tempted to hurl it at someone in writing – and God knows there is no dearth of temptation – the vast majority of us practice a bit of self-discipline and find another way of expressing ourselves.

Banville’s insults

John Banville himself is no slouch with insults. He has dismissed another Booker Prize-winner, Salman Rushdie, as “not a serious writer”; reviewed an Ian McEwan novel as a “dismayingly bad book”; and told the Daily Mail earlier this year that he regarded Leonard Cohen and (pre‑Nobel Prize) Bob Dylan “as arch-charlatans. It’s just warmed-up surrealism smeared over the worst of American popular music.”

Coincidentally, the elements of a good insult were up for discussion this week, with the publication by the New York Times of an astoundingly long list of “All the people, places and things Donald Trump has insulted on Twitter since declaring his candidacy for president”. Tweeting the link, the great US writer Joyce Carol Oates commented: “What is notable is [his] poverty of vocabulary, imagination. Everything is ‘disaster’ – everyone is ‘dopey/goofy/failing/dumb as a stone’”.

David Simon replied, “Agree. Great minds can be measured and marked by the quality of their maledicta.” But what qualifies as a quality maledictum? Would “f**knuts” be up to the job? Or would it be more of a blurt?

Peak blurt

Under Trump tutelage, we have hit peak blurt of the malignant kind. No doubt, the Trumpkins regard that kind of remark as typical of elitists who have no understanding of ordinary people. But if impulse control and basic dignity are the concern only of metropolitan wimps, we are on a road to hell. The blurt and its constant companion “I’m entitled to my opinion”, have gone irretrievably mainstream, but can anyone argue that they have contributed to the advancement of mankind?

Remember the “midget parasite” roars at President Michael D Higgins, or Michael Conlan’s rage and one-finger gesture at the judges in Rio, or Conor McGregor’s threat to kill Nate Diaz’s “f**king team, you and them bitch kids”? They each had plenty of defenders on the basis of justified anger/injustice/showmanship, but where does it end? How do you up the ante after that?

It was fascinating this week to watch Ukip’s youngest leadership candidate, Raheem Kassam, frantically backpedalling on his June tweet about the Scottish First Minister. The 30-year-old candidate wrote: “Can someone just like . . . tape Nicola Sturgeon’s mouth shut? And her legs, so she can’t reproduce. Thanks.”

Now the spotlight is on him and the tweet has been re-outed, he has apologised “if” he offended anyone. “I’ve never sought political office so I’ve acted like my inspirations: Christopher Hitchens, James Delingpole, and Rod Liddle.”

Take a bow everyone.

[Source: http://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/kathy-sheridan-the-appalling-decline-in-the-quality-of-public-insults-1.2842695]

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The Corgi Nation Multilingual Dictionary (CNMD)

We have two Corgi dogs and very pretty animals they are too. As you might expect there are certain words or phrases which we have come up with  to describe some of their weird and wonderful behaviour. One of the dogs loves to lie on her back and do a strange dance which we have called “buzza buzza”. You can see what I mean in this YouTube video. The source of this phrase is from an old Huckleberry Hound cartoon. Our hero was investigating a tree and there was a termite inside drying itself with a towel and singing “buzza buzza”. The movements of the dog seemed similar to the movement of the termite (except Rusty does it in the floor).

I am not surprised at all that other people have also been making up words to describe the behaviour of their pets. However, I was surprised to discover a group on Facebook who not only collect this terminology but try to have it translated (localized) as well.

The term “Fur Flag” was added recently. This is a tail and probably got the flag part through the Corgis’ habit of walking with the tail sticking up (somwhat similar to a wart-hog). Already this has been translated into German – “fellbeflaggt”. Anyone who has ever had a Corgi knows they shed a lot of hair at certain times of the year. The phrase “change of coat” has been translated into German “Fellwechsel”, Dutch “wisselen van vacht”, Portuguese “mudanca de pelo”, Polish ”zmiana szaty” and Norwegian “pelsskifte”.

There is no Polish for “snout-about”(sniffing everywhere while the Corgi is walking with his or her person) but we do have German “schnüffeln bis der Arzt kommt”, Dutch “snuifen” and Portuguese “com o focinho colado no chão”. It is interesting to not how many more characters there are in the German when compared to the English.

The Corgi Nation Multilingual Dictionary (CNMD) is fascinating group which can be found on Facebook. They are busy increasing our multilingual terminology in this very important area. I think you will like maybe even BOL (Bark out Loud).

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The Language of Love: on International and Polish Terms of Endearment

The BBC recently featured and article on the language of love which listed a number of (some unusual) terms of endearment used in different languages, and a Dictionary of Affectionyms (Terms of Endearment) has just been published in Polish. This inspired me to remember some of the terms I came across when living in and visiting different countries, and I decided to check out the situation in the Polish language of love again – on the premise that language evolves all the time, and there might be new developments in that area.

Terms of endearment (aka pet-names etc.) are words which may not in the new context bear any resemblance to the original meaning, for example when calling your significant other: “baby-doll”, “munchkins” or "pumpkin". Some words are clearly derived from each other, such as "sweetheart", "sweetie", and "sweetie-pie", while others bear no etymological resemblance, such as "baby" and "cutie". "Honey" has been documented as a term of endearment as far back as the 14th century. "Baby" was supposedly first used in 1839 and "sugar" only appears as recently as 1930.

In most cases terms of endearment are simply nicknames or pet-names for people in some close or intimate relationship (lovers, partners, friends, family members). Many such terms are only used when two people are alone with each other and sometimes they are used only in specific situations, very occasionally or even on a single special occasion. It is quite a volatile linguistic phenomenon and hence difficult to study. The Polish researchers behind the Dictionary of Affectionyms (“Czułe słowka” - Agnieszka Zygmunt i Mirosław Bańko)  and other researchers in this field (Jacek Perlin, Maria Milewska)  have come across some interesting findings.

In general:

  1. Terms of endearment reveal little or nothing about the true quality of the relationship in question;
  2. It is not true that nations considered (stereotypically) to be ‘more romantic” (eg. Spaniards, Italians ) are also linguistically more developed in this department;
  3. In fact, it seems that Poles and the Dutch are considered the most developed nations in terms of the sheer amount and their creativity for terms of endearment;
  4. Spanish endearments are usually very poetic and somewhat exalted;
  5. The Dutch and Polish languages are known for the greatest proliferation of animal associated terms of endearment;
  6. Dutch terms are sometimes based on abstract humour, while the Spanish ones are rarely humorous at all;
  7. Dutch terms of endearment are not usually childish, while the Italian ones frequently are;
  8. In both Polish and French quite a few terms of endearment refer to somewhat ‘disgusting’ animals or use words that would be considered derogative in the original meaning.

It is therefore obvious that, like idioms, terms of endearment stem from our individual and/or national creativity and linguistic imagination, so it is very difficult to create a comprehensive dictionary of these terms because, apart from some traditionally popular terms, the genre evolves quickly and in an unpredictable way. Also, people are quite willing to share the traditional and typical terms but less inclined to volunteer the details of actual ‘bedroom talk” (aka dirty talk).  Obviously, what sounds great in certain intimate contexts, would in most public situations be considered gross or downright ridiculous. 

There is quite a lot of political correctness when it comes to the typical situations and popular terms of endearment. They say Carla Bruni calls Sarky “Chouchou”, Michelle refers to Barack Obama as ‘honey”, and the Christian Grey character may be into BDSM but he still usually refers to Ana as “baby”.  Some terms of endearment are popular in many languages – “baby”, “angel”, “sweetheart”, and ‘love”, for example. But there are many interestingly local and culture-specific terms.

Here are some examples of the language of love around the world – taken from the above mentioned articles, dictionary, and personal research.

1. Little cabbage (French)

Petit chou

“Chou” (cabbage) is the French equivalent of “sweetheart”.

2. Pumpkin (Brazil / Portuguese)

Chuchuzinho

“Chuchu” is the word for “squash” – but strangely similar to the French “chouchou”.

3. Egg with eyes (Japanese)

Tamago gata no kao

In Japan, women are frequently called “an egg with eyes” by those who love them.

4. Lump of sugar (Spanish)

Terron de azucar

Like “honey” in English, sweet foodstuffs of one kind or another make popular terms of endearment in numerous languages.

5. Fruit of my heart (Indonesian)

Buah hatiku

Although the term can be used romantically, featuring in love songs and poems, today it is most often used to express affection for children.

6. My flea (French)

Ma puce

“Ma puce” is roughly equivalent to “sweetie” in English.

7. Gazelle (Arabic)

Ghazal

Classical Arabic poetry abounds with the imagery of beautiful gazelles (i.e women with beautiful eyes - metaphorically speaking).

Habibi/habibati  (my love) is probably still the most popular term of endearment in Arabic.

8. Little elephant (Thai)

Chang noi

Elephants are the dearest of animals to Thai people.

9. Diving fish swooping geese (Chinese)

Chen yu luo yan

Based on classical Chinese legends of two of the most beautiful Chinese women ever. At the sight of one the fish would dive to the bottom of a lake, at the sight of the other the geese would swoop from the skies.

10. Little dove (Russian)

Golubchik (masc) / golubushka (fem)

Pushkin used the word “little dove” to refer affectionately to his elderly nanny in the lines of one of his best-known poems, but she could equally have used it to refer to him, when he was a child (and probably did). This term is popular not only in Russian but also other Slavic languages.

Polish

The Polish language which is traditionally quite deficient in explicit sexual vocabulary makes up for this by being incredibly prolific when it comes to terms of endearment. The above mentioned dictionary was preceded by some research and it seems that it is not only a question of sheer numbers but the Polish language can also boast a wide range of these terms. The typical categories would naturally be:

Animal-related: 

misiu (teddy bear), kotku (little cat), kurczaczku (chick), myszko (little mouse), żabciu (froggie), gołąbeczku (little dove), sroczko (little magpie), tygrysku (litte tiger), pszczółko (little bee), rybko (little fishy), żuczku (little beatle) etc.

Traditional romantic:

kochanie (love), księżniczko (princess), królowo (queen), maleńka (little one), laleczko (little doll), serce (heart), jedyna moja (my  only one), słoneczko (little sun), skarbie (treasure), laska (babe) etc.

However, some Polish terms of endearment seem to be quite unique and difficult to classify (especially the ones referring to men):

kruszynko (breadcrumb), dzikusku (little savage), dziadzie/dziadu (old fart), brzydalu (ugly one), capie (goat), pączusiu (little donut), robaczku (little worm), kluseczko (little noodle), mysiu-pysiu (mouse-snout), mój złoty (my golden one), chujku (little dick) etc.

One thing is certain, in both Dutch and Polish (the most popular languages for terms of endearment) the key thing is to use the diminutive form of a word.In Polish this would mean that the word will usually end in “-ek”,”-czka“, “-czku”, ”-siu“. This seems to be the key to success when creating original terms of endearment.

Upon reflection, I suspect that there is a world of fantastic and original terms of endearment out there in all languages that have not been mentioned in any study or in any articles I have come across on this subject.

Please share if you have any favourite, particularly outrageous or charming ones.

See also:

http://natemat.pl/15415,tesknoto-malenka-myszku-czule-slowka-po-polsku
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-22699938
http://www.edulandia.pl/edukacja/1,101856,7549847,Polakow_czule_slowka.html#ixzz2UnZGPmtJ

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Polish Has Now Officially Become UK’s Second Most Spoken Language

New data from 2011 census released by the UK Office of National Statistics, reveals that the number of people in England and Wales that speak Polish exceeds 500,000 and it has now become UK’s second most spoken language while according to one report on immigrant languages published by language analyst Ethnologue, Polish was not even in the UK’s top 12 in 2001. The other popular languages are Punjabi, Urdu, Bengali and Gujarati, followed by Arabic, French, Chinese and Portuguese. Almost one in ten UK residents reported speaking a language that isn’t English or Welsh.The data also indicated that around one million households (four million people) speak other languages than English at home. Among them 1.7 million said they could speak English as well, 726,000 have a weak grasp of English, and 138,000 residents do not speak English at all!

The increasing use of the Polish language in England is the result of the great number of  immigrants from Poland - over one million Poles have moved to the UK in the last decade.

Ranking of main languages spoken in England and Wales, as reported by The Independent:

  1. English (English or Welsh if in Wales) 49,808,000 or 92.3% of the population
  2. Polish 546,000 or 1%
  3. Punjabi 273,000 or 0.5%
  4. Urdu 269,000 or 0.5%
  5. Bengali (with Sylheti and Chatgaya) 221,000 or 0.4%
  6. Gujarati 213,000 or 0.4%
  7. Arabic 159,000 or 0.3%
  8. French 147,000 or 0.3%
  9. All other Chinese (excluding Mandarin and Cantonese) 141,000 or 0.3%
  • 10 – 16 are Portuguese, Spanish, Tamil, Turkish, Italian, Somali and Lithuanian with 0.2% each.
  • 17 – 20 are German, Persian / Farsi, Tagalog / Filipino and Romanian 68,000 with 0.1% each.

In practice, this means that the Polish language and culture will over time also influence the British language and culture. On the down-side,  instead of enjoying the benefits of living and working in a tolerant multilingual society, many Poles now have to cope with a lot of  criticism, and sometimes xenophobic and nationalist attacks previously directed at other ethnic immigrant groups in the UK. This is always more of a problem in times of economic crisis and no idealistic EU policies can change that.

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On LISA's Untimely but Very Proverbial Demise

Old proverbs say that: “Ignorance is bliss … and peace of life”. Therefore we should always remain grateful to our industry's seasoned professionals for keeping us in the dark about certain unpleasant facts of life, legal and financial issues, and dealings withinin our industry organizations, etc. If we are not aware of certain facts, we will not worry our little heads about them, and life will be good.

There had been signals and rumours for some time now that all was not well at the industry’s oldest Language Industry Standards Association (LISA). However, when the announcement suddenly came on the eve of the Standards Summit in Boston that LISA had just declared itself insolvent and was shutting down operations as of 28 February 2011, a lot of people were very surprised.

In fact, the people that were most surprised of all were the LISA members who had not been notified about this important development by LISA! In spite of some claims that such an announcement had been made to the membership earlier that day by Michael Anobile in an email, many members seem to have experienced considerable difficulty finding this important email in their inboxes.

This is a truly comforting situation because if anything brings our industry in line with the real world out there, it is the fact that the people who have any vested interest in a given venture or organisation always find out last about any important developments. In our little GILT industry we usually have to rely on the 'good old fishmonger wives’ and ‘evidently enlightened evangelist bloggers’ for any watered down with hearsay scraps of information. Which is actually great, because we are not excessively exposed to harsh reality and real information. It’s all for our own good.

However, sometimes reality just can’t stop biting you in the ass. Two days, and still no explanation of any sort, later, an announcement to this effect was posted on the LISA website: “As of 2011 February 28, the Localization Industry Standards Association (LISA) is insolvent. In spite of the financial constraints LISA faces as an organization, we are exploring ways to continue the association's good works for the industry. If you are not a member and are interested in being advised of our progress, please register here. Thank you.”

This was posted under “Important News” - but obviously only for the benefit of non-members. Yet another clever move to keep the LISA members happy in their state of ignorance. For, in spite of the fact that as a member you were still told absolutely nothing and were not advised of anything, at least the non-members were being asked to register and be advised on LISA’s progress in “exploring ways to continue the association's good works for the industry”. While LISA members could still retain their privileged position of being in no position to know anything.

Hence, I am sure these poor ‘non-members’ were absolutely sick with worry about LISA and biting their fingernails with anticipation, while the good old lucky LISA members could just sit back and enjoy their status of ‘blissful ignorance’ and meditate about the virtual unimportance of all information in a world that’s been ‘twitterized out of all sense’ anyway.

Let’s admit it. Since 28 February, life without LISA has been ignorantly blissful to all those in the privileged ex-member position. The only clouds that mar our clear blue skies are the odd automated spam emails that we still receive several times per week from the LISA Admin who, obviously unaware of the fact that he has been ‘liquidated’, still keeps promoting this or that company or webinar – much akin to the ultra-reliable, sociopathic HAL series' computer in “2001: A Space Odyssey”.

Oh, and from time to time, the comfortingly boring buzz of our internet existence is disrupted with the far away howling of the jackals (i.e. some of our industry’s typically lazy but very resourceful organizations and individuals) who are frantically trying to figure out how to get at the LISA carcass (a small body of standards, documentation and know-how, and some odd conference brands), tear it to pieces, and drag off the bones to their separate lairs in order to chew on them for the next 20 years or so.

So let us remain in this state of blissful ignorance as long as possible. May we resist the temptation to interfere with the funeral service or the wake of our faithfully departed LISA. For, if we make too much noise, the proverbial corpse might just hear our insincere condolences, spring back to life and start demanding some more membership dues, more support, and some proper eulogies.

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Do you really speak English?

Zanim odpowiesz „tak” na pytanie, czy mówisz po angielsku, dobrze się zastanów. Być może tylko wydaje Ci się, że znasz ten język, a w rzeczywistości używasz któregoś z podtypów angielskiego, któremu daleko do literackiej angielszczyzny.

Język angielski ma wiele twarzy. To, że posługują się nim miliony ludzi na całym świecie, nie tylko (a wręcz przede wszystkim nie) native speakerzy, przyczynia się do powstawania jego licznych odmian różniących się takimi cechami jak zasób słownictwa, gramatyka i przeznaczenie. Nie chodzi tym razem o odmiany regionalne czy środowiskowe, pojawiające się naturalnie w pewnych miejscach i grupach ludności, lecz odmiany wyodrębnione sztucznie, a następnie opisane i sklasyfikowane, co pozwala im uzyskać status swego rodzaju „podjęzyka”.

W taki właśnie sposób narodził się Globish, wynalazek Francuza Jeana-Paula Nerrière’a, który podczas biznesowych wojaży odkrył, że angielski, którym posługują się osoby wychowane w regionach nieanglojęzycznych, różni się znacznie od mowy rodzimych użytkowników tego języka. Jak można się spodziewać, Globish jest językiem uproszczonym. Składa się z zaledwie tysiąca pięciuset słów (w związku z tym obiekty bardziej skomplikowane wskazuje się opisowo, używając kilku prostszych słów zamiast jednego trudnego) i charakteryzuje się mniej skomplikowaną gramatyką, jednak w odróżnieniu od niedawno opisanego Chinglish jest językiem całkowicie poprawnym. Według jego twórcy Globish sprawdza się podczas spotkań biznesowych znacznie lepiej niż tradycyjna, szekspirowska angielszczyzna. Dwie główne zasady nim rządzące to powiedzieć coś tak, żeby zostać zrozumianym (odpowiedzialność za skuteczność komunikacji przenosi się więc na autora wypowiedzi, co odciąża słuchacza), a także powiedzieć to z wykorzystaniem jedynie niezbędnego minimum środków. Oznacza to, że nie trzeba szukać w pamięci wyrafinowanych zwrotów czy idiomów – tak przecież cenionych podczas egzaminów językowych prowadzonych przez uniwersytet w Cambridge – lecz użyć najprostszych sformułowań, jakie nam się nasuną. Nerrière stworzył liczne książki na temat swojego odkrycia, a nawet oferuje naukę Globish. Twierdzi przy tym, że Globish jest swego rodzaju pomostem łączącym ludzi porozumiewających się dotychczas w takich językowych hybrydach jak Chinglish, Spanglish i podobne języki pidżynowe.

Pomysł Jeana-Paula Nerrière’a, choć z pewnością interesujący, nie jest bynajmniej tak odkrywczy, jak by się mogło wydawać. Istnieje jeszcze co najmniej kilka uproszczonych odmian angielskiego o różnych nazwach: Basic English, Special English, Simplified English, Plain English…

Pierwszy z nich został opisany przez Charlesa Kaya Ogdena w pierwszej połowie XX wieku. Składa się z ośmiuset pięćdziesięciu słów i powstał na potrzeby nauczania języka angielskiego oraz jako międzynarodowy język pomocniczy. Zasób słownictwa Basic English jest powszechnie wykorzystywany w dydaktyce przez nauczycieli angielskiego jako języka obcego. Szczególnie chętnie korzysta się z niego w Azji.

Ciekawa jest historia drugiego z wymienionych języków, Special English. Stworzono go na potrzeby audycji radiowej Voice of America, w której używa się go od 19 października 1959 roku aż po dziś. Jest to także język uproszczony, stworzony z myślą o słuchaczach, którzy uczyli się angielskiego, lecz nie posługują się nim na co dzień. Jego cechą charakterystyczną jest to, że obowiązuje w nim wyraźna, wolniejsza artykulacja, tak aby osoby nieznające dobrze angielskiego rozumiały, o czym mowa. Szczególną odmianą Special English jest Specialized English, używany w jednej z audycji chrześcijańskiej rozgłośni Feba Radio.

Simplified English także jest językiem szczególnego przeznaczenia, tyle że nie ma charakteru ogólnego, lecz stosuje się go w tekstach specjalistycznych. Pierwotnie był to język tekstów związanych z przestrzenią powietrzną i kosmiczną, obecnie jest zaś powszechniej stosowany w branży przemysłowej. Jego nadrzędnym celem jest unikanie dwuznaczności, jasność i zrozumiałość, a także ułatwienie tłumaczenia (także komputerowego) na inne języki. Jego oficjalna nazwa brzmi ASD-STE100 Simplified Technical English (STE).

Ostatni ze wymienionych języków, Plain English, różni się odrobinę od pozostałych. Nie jest po prostu uproszczoną odmianą angielszczyzny, bardziej pasowałoby do niego określenie „nieskomplikowany”. Propaguje się go wśród rodzimych użytkowników języka angielskiego, a jego celem jest przede wszystkim ułatwianie komunikacji instytucji rządowych z obywatelami. Kampanie promujące Plain English kieruje się zwłaszcza do urzędników, prawników, polityków, naukowców czy różnego rodzaju specjalistów po to, by język, którym się oni posługują, był zrozumiały także dla laików. Zwolennicy Plain English apelują o niestosowanie żargonu, jasne formułowanie myśli i ogólnie unikanie elementów, które mogłyby uczynić wypowiedź niezrozumiałą dla zwykłych ludzi. To język, w którego używaniu przejawia się dbałość o odbiorcę.

Ten krótki przegląd nie wyczerpuje oczywiście bogactwa odmian angielszczyzny, daje jednak niejakie wyobrażenie o tym, jak szczególne zapotrzebowanie na niezakłóconą komunikację wpływa na język. Dążenie do prostoty i zrozumiałości zaowocowało powstaniem kilku typów języka, których twórcy kierowali się jednym wspólnym celem: nie wprowadzić odbiorcy w konsternację. Być może nie są to odmiany, których znajomość pozwala czytać Szekspira w oryginale, w zupełności jednak wystarczą do porozumiewania się na co dzień.

Strony poszczególnych języków:
Globish: http://www.globish.com/
Basic English: http://ogden.basic-english.org/basiceng.html
Special English: http://www1.voanews.com/learningenglish/home/
Simplified English: http://www.asd-ste100.org/INDEX.HTM
Plain English: http://www.plainlanguage.gov/

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Go and shake a tower

Choć wielu z nas zapewne niejednokrotnie czerpało wiele uciechy z gier słownych w rodzaju zysk w padzie czy balet na szelkach, nie wszyscy wiemy, kogo można nazwać (niekoniecznie szczęśliwym) ojcem tego rodzaju przejęzyczeń. Był nim William Archibald Spooner, angielski pastor i uczony żyjący na przełomie XIX i XX wieku.

Ten znany z dobroduszności wykładowca Uniwersytetu Oksfordzkiego nie tylko odznaczał się niezwykłym wyglądem (był krótkowzrocznym albinosem o dużej głowie), lecz także cierpiał na szczególną przypadłość: z roztargnienia zdarzało mu się zamieniać miejscami pierwsze litery sąsiadujących ze sobą wyrazów. Wskutek tego powstawały najróżniejsze budzące powszechną wesołość sformułowania o znaczeniu daleko odbiegającym od zamierzeń autora, przyciągające na wykłady poczciwego profesora rzesze studentów. Ich sława sięgnęła tak daleko, że od nazwiska profesora utworzono nawet nazwę tego rodzaju przejęzyczeń – spuneryzmy. Najbardziej spektakularnymi przykładami słowotwórczego potencjału Spoonera mogą być słowa toastu wygłoszone podczas przyjęcia: let us toast to the queer old dean (zamiast zwyczajowego let us toast to the dear old Queen) czy fragment kazania: Come into the arms of the shoving leopard (zamiast come into the arms of the loving shepherd).

Sponner nie był szczególnie zachwycony powodem swojej popularności, z czasem jednak przyjął postawę pełnej godności rezygnacji i markował swoim nazwiskiem nawet te przejęzyczenia, których autorem nie był, a które mu niezasłużenie przypisywano. Trzeba przyznać, że jego nastręczająca mu kłopotów przypadłość przysporzyła mu sławy trwalszej niż jego kazania i praca naukowa. Do tego stopnia, że jedną z sal Uniwersytetu Oksfordzkiego nazwano na jego cześć… „The Rooner Spoom”.

Inne przejęzyczenia przypisywane Williamowi Archibaldowi Spoonerowi:

  • It is kisstomary to cuss the bride (…customary to kiss the bride);
  • You have hissed all my mystery lectures (You have missed all my history lectures);
  • a well-boiled icicle (a well-oiled bicycle);
  • We’ll have the hags flung out (…flags hung out);
  • a half-warmed fish (A half-formed wish);
  • Is the bean dizzy? (Is the Dean busy?);
  • Go and shake a tower (Go and take a shower);
  • I’ve lost my signifying glass. (Poźniej:) Oh, well, it doesn’t magnify.

Więcej informacji:
http://www.fun-with-words.com/spoon_history.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Archibald_Spooner

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